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Dictionary Of Terms
- Abduction
- Movement away from a given line; outward movement of the arm, leg or foot.
- Acromion
- Part of the scapula projecting over the shoulder joint
- Adduction
- Movement toward a given line;inward movement of the arm, leg or foot.
- Adipose Tissue
- Fatty tissue found under the skin. Seen weel in fatty meat.
- Ankylosis
- Fixation of a joint usually by disease. It can be union by fibrous tissue or union by bone. Bony ankylosis is usually painless. Fibrous ankylosis may be painful and incomplete.
- Anomalous
- Imperfectly placed, irregular, abnormal. Inconsistant with what would be naturally expected.
- Anterior
- In front
- Arthritis
- Inflammation of a joint
- Arthrodesis
- Surgical fixation of a joint to immobilise it and render it painless in an optimum position
- Arthroplasty
- Surgical reconstruction of a joint to re-establish movement of a joint that has become fixed
- Articulation
- The attachment of bones to each other at a joint
- Atrophy
- A wasting away of bone or muscle or any tissue
- Axial
- Referring to the main axis of the body. The spine is the main axial structure
- Axilla
- The armpit, it contains large nerves and blood vessels
- Blocking
- Blocking is the process of covering a plaster cast or a wooden last with leather which has been soaked and rendered pliable so that it
- Brachial
- Refers to the arm
- Bursa
- A small pocket of connective tissue containing fluid; found at places where tendons pass over a bony surface or where skin is moulded over bone under pressure
- Carpal
- One of the small bones of the wrist; metacarpal, one of the long bones of the hand
- Cervical
- Relating to the neck
- Chopart Amputation
- An amputation of the foot consisting of a disarticulation through the tarsus, leaving only the os calsis and the astragalus. Intended to give end bearing
- Collateral
- At the side of, accompanying
- Condyle
- The rounded articular surface of a bone. Best seen on the lower end of the femur where there are two condyles
- Co-ordination
- Reciprocol adjustment of individual muscles when they work together to produce a movement of the joint
- Disarticulation
- Seperation at a joint. Amputationthrough a joint, the proximal part of the joint being left in the residual limb (stump)
- Distal
- Extreme; at the greatest distance from a central point or point of attachment. Peripheral
- Dorsal
- Referring to the back of the body or back ( upper side ) of the foot
- Epiphysiodesis
- An operation designed to destroy the epiphyseal line from which growth takes place in order to check the growth of bone in a child
- Epiphysis
- Cap at each end of long bone. In young people it is attached to the shaft by cartilage
- Eversion
- A turning outwards. Eversion of the foot - turning of the sole away from the mid-line of the body
- Extension
- Stretching out into line of two bones at a point
- Facet
- A small smooth area at the end of a bone
- Fascia
- A sheet of strong fibrous tissue enclosing a group of muscles or, under the skin, enclosing a whole limb, trunk or head
- Flexion
- The bending of one bone on another, e.g. the leg bent backwards until it almost touches the thigh, or the foot bent upwards towards the leg
- Foramen
- An opening through a bone or membrane to allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves
- Fossa
- A deep depression in a bone
- Glenoid
- The cup or fossa in the projecting part of the scapula into which the head of the humerus fits
- Gritti-Stokes amputation
- An amputation above the knee joint. The patella is preserved in a long anterior flap and, having a thin slice removed from its deep surface, is secured in apposition with the femur, the latter having been deprived of its articular surfaces by being sawn through the condyles
- Hip joints
- There are various types of hip joint and they are mechanical connections between tha socket or corset of an artificial limb and the pelvic band. They usually consist of steel forgings and an upper and lower segment connected by a joint which contains ball-bearings secured by a ball-race screw
- Hyperextension
- Excessive extension. Hyperextension of the natural knee is movement beyond 180 degrees, as by stretching of the ham-strings. or over-extension in the artificial knee, by stretching of the posterior check ligament
- Hypertrophy
- Overgrowth, increase in size
- Hypo
- Below, or beneath, opposite of hyper - upper or more
- Inferior
- Lower. Also towards the feet
- Inversion
- The act of turning inwards
- Ischium
- The lowermost of the principal bones in either half of the pelvis; the seat bone. In ischial bearing, tha weight of the body is supported in the rear wall of the of the top of the prosthetic socket, as on a bicycle seat
- Kineplastic
- A surgical procedure, performed on the muscle and / or tendons of a residual limb ( stump ) designed to allow active muscular movements to be transmitted to mobile parts of an artificial limb
- Kinesthetic
- Pertaining to muscle sense, giving information as to movement, contraction, position etc
- Kyphosis
- Hump back, exaggerated backward curve of the thoracic part of the vertebral column
- Lateral
- At the outer side of, the opposite of medial. A large metal cylinder housing a lateral, locking section which allows the forearm to be moved in a lateral plane so that the forearm can be brought across or away from the body
- Ligaments
- Fibrous connective tissue bands, either rounded or flattened, which hlod two or more bones together at the joints and hold cartilages to bones. Ligamentum teres in the hip joint, and capsular ligaments of the knee joint are good examples. Strong, flexible components fitted in the shin and thigh of artificial limbs prevent hyperextension beyond a predetermined limit
- Lisfranc
- A disarticulation of the metatarsal bones from the tarsus
- Lordosis
- Exaggerated forward curve of the lumbar spine so that it becomes more concave behind
- Medial
- Internal, towards the centre line of the body, as opposed to lateral
- Neural
- Pertaining to nerves
- Osseous
- Composed of bone
- Palmar
- Pertaining to the palm of the hand
- Paralysis
- Loss of muscular power due to injury to, or disease of, nerves, spinal cord or brain
- Pectoral
- Refers to the front of chest or thorax, hence the pectoral girdle, part of which, the clavicle, is attached to the breast bone
- Perimeter
- Outside limit or measurement of a surface or solid
- Peripheral
- At the surface or outside
- Pirogoff Amputation
- An amputation through the foot. A partial osteoplastic operation in which the os calsis is sawn through obliquely from above downwards and forwards, and the posterior portion is brought up and secured against the surface made by sawing off the lower ends of the tibia and fibula. Intended to give an end bearing residual limb ( stump )
- Plantar
- Pertaining to the sole of the foot
- Posterior
- At the back, the opposite of anterior
- Process
- An outgrowth, particularly of bone
- Pronation
- Position of the hand when turned palm downwards, the radius lies across the ulna, the opposite of supination
- Prone
- A body lying face down is said to be prone, opposite of supine when a body lies on its back
- Proximal
- Nearest to the body, the vertical centre line of the body, a point of attachment or some other point considered as the centre of the system
- Rotation
- The act of turning about an axis passing through the centre of a body, also rotation of the arm ( about its long axis )
- Rudimentary
- A part of an organ imperfectly developed as having no function
- Sagittal
- Pertaining to the antero-posterior median plane of the body ( sagittal plane ), the median vertical plane of the body dividing it into left and right halves
- Scoliosis
- Sideways curvature of the spine, vertebral column, either to left or right
- Superior
- In the upper position, the opposite of inferior
- Supination
- Position of the hand when palms are upward. The radius parallel to the ulna
- Supine
- A body lying on its back is said to be supine, the opposite of prone when the body lies face down
- Syme's Amputation
- An amputation at the ankle joint, the malleoli being sawn through and a flap made with the skin of the heel. Intended to give end bearing
- Symphysis
- The junction in front of the two halves of the pelvas
- Transverse
- Crosswise; at right angles to the longitudinal axis of body or limb
- Trochanter
- Bony prominence at the top of the femur
- Trochlea
- Shape like a pulley. Part of the distal end of the humerus is therefore called the trochlea
- Ventral
- The front or the abdominal side of an animal, opposite to dorsal
- Vestigial
- Part of an organ now degenerate and of little or no utility, but ancestrally well developed
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